Editing Mars

=Misc=
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_to_Stay Mars to Stay]
[http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/11702209 Mars to Stay]

[https://www.quora.com/Would-it-be-possible-to-smelt-steel-on-Mars-assuming-that-sufficient-burnable-material-is-available-If-so-what-techniques-would-be-required?share=1 Would it be possible to smelt steel on Mars, assuming that sufficient burnable material is available? If so, what techniques would be required?]


[http://www.wildwoodsurvival.com/ Wildwood Survival]

=Enviroment=
==Atmosphere==
The atmosphere of Mars is less than 1% of Earth’s, so it does not protect the planet from the Sun’s radiation nor does it do much to retain heat at the surface.

It consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and the remainder is trace amounts of oxygen, water vapor, and other 

==Geology==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars Ore resources on Mars]

=Industry=
* [http://kk.org/thetechnium/bootstrapping-t/ Bootstrapping the Industrial Age]

* [http://gingerybooks.com/ Build Your Own Metalworking Shop from Scrap] - David J Gingery (1988)



==Basalt Fiber==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_fiber Basalt Fiber] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt Basalt]

The dark areas of Mars are characterised by the mafic rock-forming minerals olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase feldspar. These minerals are the primary constituents of basalt, a dark volcanic rock that also makes up the Earth's oceanic crust and the lunar maria.

Makes fabrics and rebar.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCf9fVWFQug Technology production equipment factory basalt continuous fiber plant]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6jQYx-_jgI basalt rebar production line]

[http://www.designboom.com/architecture/ozel-office-3d-prints-mars-habitat-10-02-2015/ ozel office 3D prints mars habitat with carbon and basalt fiber] - Concept

==Ceramics==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic Ceramic] - A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole. 

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering Ceramic engineering] - the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high-purity chemical solutions.

==Concrete/Cement==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement Cement] - A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete Concrete] - Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time.


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporosarcina_pasteurii Sporosarcina pasteurii] - Peter Trimble, a design student at the University of Edinburgh has proposed 'DUPE' based on Sporosarcina pasteurii, a bacterium with binding qualities which, when mixed with sand and urine produces a concrete said to be 70% as strong as conventional materials.

==Smelting==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting Smelting]

* Can it be done with no atmosphere?
* What happens to vapours is there is no atmosphere?
* Mars is cold. Would making a heated bunker be enough? Thermal Insulation?
* If there is no atmosphere, where does the heat go?

[http://www.onlinemetals.com/meltpt.cfm Melting Points of Various Metals]
	Melting Points
Metal	Fahrenheit (f)	Celsius (c)
Aluminum	1218	659
Brass	1700	927
Bronze	1675	913
Cast Iron	2200	1204
Copper	1981	1083
Gold	1945	1063
Lead	327	163
Magnesium	1204	651
Nickel	2646	1452
Silver	1761	951
Steel	2500	1371
Tungsten	6150	3399
Wrought Iron	2700	1482
Zinc	787	419

[http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/msad03mar99_1/ NASA - Bringing Mars into the Iron Age] - Could build receivers to generate electricity from radio waves beamed from a mother ship in Mars orbit. Iron will not corrode readily because Mars' thin atmosphere has virtually no free oxygen.

Need furnace that can withstand the temperatures. Probably could just be made from bricks, concrete (or even rocks). See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy) Puddling]

Ceramics, concrete and such for insulation.

Ladles are the things used to transfer molten metal.

Need Crucibles. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuM4xSNX0no A formula for graphite]. Steel ones don't last more than a half dozen goes.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kn605PZ406M Roman Bloom Furnace]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-HBbhG8Gog Claims to be steel]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bajwZPebm-g Bloomery - Ancient Mobile Furnace]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0HW4qk8dv4 Making History - Making Charcoal]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KT-ff8Wac2k Copper Ore 01]

===Electric Arc Furnace===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTzKIs19eZE How To Make An Electrical Arc Furnace]

==Aluminum==
[http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Aluminum.html How Aluminium]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process Hall–Héroult process] - Dissolving aluminium oxide (alumina) (obtained most often from bauxite, aluminium's chief ore, through the Bayer process) in molten cryolite, and electrolysing the molten salt bath

[https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/nasa-confirms-salt-water-flows-mars/ NASA confirms present-day salt water flows on Mars]

[http://themis.asu.edu/news/salt-deposits-found-martian-highlands Salt deposits found in Martian highlands]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RS4SORSyGvg One of The Most Abundant Element: ALUMINIUM - DOCFILMS] - 29min in a aluminium bath to make it strong. 33min making mirrors using tungston to vaporise aluminium. Look into that splatter coating stuff I saw before. Also pure aluminium mirrors. Aluminium foam.

Look into extruding.

==Copper==
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mm5WmzZ538A HOW TO MAKE COPPER !!! From Green Rocks.] Makes a ground furnace.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uHc4Hirexc Prehistoric copper smelting in a pit!] From Malachite. Ground furnace again.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo9MtxW6YY0 Power of Copper Documentary] 42min

==Iron==
Lots of Iron on Mars.

Iron is first smelted into Pig Iron.

Cast Iron, strong but brittle. Wort iron lower carbon, but doesn't have the strength.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks Ironworks]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis Electrolytic smelting] - Electrolytic smelting — Needs oxygen. Employs a chromium/iron anode that can survive a 2,850 °F (1,570 °C) to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base metal.[2]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarburization Decarburization]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuCnZClWwpQ Smelting Iron in Africa]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUhv2OnVVDU Making Viking-Age Bloomery Iron in a Bloomery Furnace]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsywnQJMJEk Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s9VYGsWlQ8 Iron Smelting demo - Sculptors Guild]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGLHFoa-9Tg First Cast Iron Pour Event to launch Metal Monkeys]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DyeESQpac0 How to build a small cast iron melting furnace]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPf08sFpNXA Blacksmithing - Iron smelting and forging a poor bloom]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0cuJKSQZ0k Iron - Engineering Channel] 43min - Boron and Neodynium make a super magnet (26min). Four Frontiers mars iron mining 40min. Pig Iron is just sitting on the surface.

Iron rails are not strong enough for trains. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1OdJb4hauw] 8:20m

==Steel==
Made from Iron. Add %2 carbon steel. Other elements make other steels. 

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking Steelmaking]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Steelmaking Category:Steelmaking]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel Carbon steel]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting Vacuum arc remelting]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJGaQdgPRmA Homemade induction furnace melting steel]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1OdJb4hauw American Steel - Converting Iron to Steel Documentary - Channel 31] 44min - Steel requires heating Iron up to 2500degF, oxygen blown from underneath (9min). Can get 100deg in the foundry. 32min advanced steel.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=865OqMzp1Zw Extreme Machinery - Steel Production]

==Silicon==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon Silicon].
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski_process Czochralski process]

==Glass==
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F8QefQ5NiQ Making Glass from Sand]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VrdUYbHvyo Fire + Sand = Glass!]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiacfm1ew8s An Attempt to Make Glass From Sand at Home]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L74RJQKzpNU Is glass really made from sand?] - Adding Iron to glass absorbs infrared radiation.

==Molding==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(process) Molding (process)]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_casting Sand casting] (Gingery style)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_molding Rotational molding] - Maybe more useful in space?

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost-wax_casting Lost-wax casting] - No wax on Mars obviously....

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_molding Matrix molding] - First create the rigid outer shell, then introduce the softer and more fluid molding material. Used for complex shapes using composites such as with glass and glass/ceramic composites.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowing Glassblowing]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_forming Vacuum forming] - Could just open a valve to the atmosphere. Need some positive pressure though (oxygen would be a waste). Maybe just compress the atmosphere? Not much atmosphere to compress... How much pressure difference would be needed for vacuum molding. Need the rubber/plastic sheet too...

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_molding Transfer molding] - Squeeze viscus fluid into holes.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_casting Spin casting]

And of course 3d printing.

===Sand Casting===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvD2nxP4nu0 Bronze Pour, Sand Casting at Home]

==Wire Windings==
[http://chemistry.about.com/od/elements/f/What-Is-The-Most-Conductive-Element.htm What Is the Most Conductive Element?]

1	silver
2	copper
3	gold
4	aluminum
5	zinc
6	nickel
7	brass
8	bronze
9	iron
10	platinum
11	carbon steel
12	lead
13	stainless steel

[http://www.achrnews.com/articles/83673-copper-vs-aluminum-windings-in-motors Copper Vs. Aluminium Windings in Motors] - Aluminium oxidixes so the connections must pierces the alunimum and be pressurised to stop oxygen getting it. How would very low levels of oxygen in Mars Atmosphere effect this? aluminium requires more turns and/or a larger diameter wire, may not be economically feasible (lower efficiency).

[http://www.torquenews.com/119/auto-industry-looking-copper-alliance-alternative-rare-earth-materials Auto industry looking to Copper Alliance as alternative to rare earth materials] - EVs uses rare earth metals. Are they on Mars? Tesla mentioned.

[http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/nanotechnology/carbon-nanotube-yarns-set-to-replace-copper-windings-in-electric-motors Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric Motors] - Carbon seems unlikely on Mars... Unless extracted from the atmosphere.

[https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3onixa/if_silver_is_the_most_conductive_element_why_dont/ If Silver is the most conductive element, why don't we use it in electronics as opposed to Copper and Gold?] - Silver best conductor, but expensive and oxidises easily, making it unsuitable for uses where it's exposed to oxygen or large amounts are required.
Gold doesn't oxidise*, but is expensive, which is why it's often used as a coating for electronic connections like HDMI cables.

==Insulators==
* Most need organics found on Earth.
** rubber, pure water, oil, air, diamond, dry wood, dry cotton, plastic, asphalt
 
* Others are inflexible but might work
** glass - could be made from sand.
** ceramic - With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity).
** quartz - Seems like there is lots of mineral on mars.

What happens if you crush rocks into powder and heat them?

==Cathode==

==Anode==
Needed for salt bath for aluminium?

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_anode Sacrificial anode (galvanic anode)] - Used to protect buried or submerged metal structures from corrosion. Does it work for atmosphere? Is it needed for %1 atmosphere?

There are three main metals used as galvanic anodes, magnesium, aluminium and zinc.

==Heating==
* Need to heat stuff for smelting, etc...
* Ceramic heaters.
* Heated wire. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpV7D0LoRbYhdx2G-whWyog This guy] uses a clay furnace heating coil.
* Burning stuff? (eg the mars made rocket fuel). Oxygen burns, but that's kind of needed.
* Giant lenses? Mars further away from sun, but less atmosphere. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwXe2sK-SOI Fresnel Lens DIY Knife Solar Metal Foundry DIY greenpowerscience]
* Mirrors?

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVYMLnXW9uo Induction Heater Circuit ~ FULL explanation & schematic]

==Fresnel Lenses==
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MhCYJqkgh8 Fresnel Lens Flexible 380mm solar Adhesive FREE glass adhesion
]

Cool, casting ultra clear / optical liquid silicone rubber on a reverse relief Fresnel mould and degassing it with a vacuum.
Does the mould need to be reverse? Or it doesn't matter? I got to get me some of that optical LSR, i bet you can do some really cool stuff with it, like fiber optics for example.

Nice vid, good to spread these kind of ideas to empower people around the world to create their own green energy.
Reply     
 GREENPOWERSCIENCE 
GREENPOWERSCIENCE2 months ago
That does not work well. The Fresnel rings collapse when releasing. The mould needs to be curved and the casting material needs to be backed with a marching shape. This is similar to the rolled method used for large lenses when the were made in the 90's. For smaller lenses, like page magnifiers, the straight mould works because the focal length is short and optics are not critical. This was produced on a mould that curved about 40 degrees.
Reply     
 Björn Persson 
Björn Persson2 months ago (edited)
Ah ok, experiences and methods may differ, i have seen some amazing results with modern optic LSD, and it's use is growing in many areas and with that, the accessibility also for the public.
I bet that many modern ultra clear / optical LSRs like Siloprene 7000 series or Omnexus optical products can produce the same results or better, and if there is no need for flexibility an equivalent optical epoxy or resin can be used of course.
I am not any expert on fresnel lenses by any means, but i happened on your videos and it struck me as such an obvious, affordable and easy self-manufacture that could be very effective in areas where power may not be available.

There is some other - less obvious - innovations being worked on using optical LSR that I follow with great interest like the Flexible Sheet Cameras which similarly is used for focusing light but with a different approach, and quite interesting possibilities. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/CAVE/projects/flexible_sheet_cameras/
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*it's made clair cilicone  molding into a satellite parabola* *it's actually made of clear silicone mold into a shape plaster*

JUST BUY ONE FRESNELL LENS, COPY THROUGH TRANSPARENT EPOXY  AND CREAT AS A CASTING MOLD , IT WILL WORK  JUST LIKE CONVEX LENS  , WHEN AGAIN PUT CAST ACRYLIC LIQUED THEN CANVEX FRESNAL LENS CREATED IN ACRYLIC/PU/PVC/EPOXY RESIN,

==Ice Lens==
[http://www.wildwoodsurvival.com/survival/fire/ice/rb/rbfirefromice3a.html Fire from Ice #3 - Perfecting the Ice Lens]

[http://www.wildwoodsurvival.com/survival/fire/ice/rb/rbfirefromice4d.html Fire From Ice #4 - More Cool Stuff] - Makes an Ice ball using a tube.

[http://www.primitiveways.com/fire_from_ice.html Starting Fire With an Ice Lens]

[http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Clear-Ice How to Make Clear Ice] - 4 Metods

[http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/physics-and-astronomy/physics/make-ice-lens Make an Ice lens] - The Open University

==Electric Motors==
* Require Conductive.
* Insulation.
* Wire winding.
* Electricity
* Could generate electricity too, Not much atmosphere but giant wind turbines? Human power via cranks? Humans require more food.

==Pigments==
???

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJAMc5RqYl8 Paint | A Critical Chemical Engineering Element in a Can | World Documentary Films]

==Origami==
Could be used with sheet metal?

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkG4mtLLWRY the world of computing origami spread in the computer]

=Missions=
[https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/nasa-considers-sls-launch-sequence-mars-missions-2030s/ NASA considers SLS launch sequence for human Mars missions in the 2030s]