Mars

Enviroment

Atmosphere

The atmosphere of Mars is less than 1% of Earth’s, so it does not protect the planet from the Sun’s radiation nor does it do much to retain heat at the surface.

It consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and the remainder is trace amounts of oxygen, water vapor, and other

Geology

Ore resources on Mars

Industry

Bootstrapping the Industrial Age

• Build Your Own Metalworking Shop from Scrap - David J Gingery (1988)

Ceramics

Ceramic - A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole.

Ceramic engineering - the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials. This is done either by the action of heat, or at lower temperatures using precipitation reactions from high-purity chemical solutions.

Concrete/Cement

Cement - A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together.

Concrete - Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time.

Sporosarcina pasteurii - Peter Trimble, a design student at the University of Edinburgh has proposed 'DUPE' based on Sporosarcina pasteurii, a bacterium with binding qualities which, when mixed with sand and urine produces a concrete said to be 70% as strong as conventional materials.

Smelting

Smelting

• Can it be done with no atmosphere?
• What happens to vapours is there is no atmosphere?
• Mars is cold. Would making a heated bunker be enough? Thermal Insulation?
• If there is no atmosphere, where does the heat go?

Melting Points of Various Metals Melting Points Metal Fahrenheit (f) Celsius (c) Aluminum 1218 659 Brass 1700 927 Bronze 1675 913 Cast Iron 2200 1204 Copper 1981 1083 Gold 1945 1063 Lead 327 163 Magnesium 1204 651 Nickel 2646 1452 Silver 1761 951 Steel 2500 1371 Tungsten 6150 3399 Wrought Iron 2700 1482 Zinc 787 419

Need furnace that can withstand the temperatures. Probably could just be made from bricks, concrete (or even rocks). See Puddling

Ceramics, concrete and such for insulation.

Ladles are the things used to transfer molten metal.

Need Crucibles. A formula for graphite. Steel ones don't last more than a half dozen goes.

Roman Bloom Furnace

Claims to be steel

Aluminum

How Aluminium

Hall–Héroult process - Dissolving aluminium oxide (alumina) (obtained most often from bauxite, aluminium's chief ore, through the Bayer process) in molten cryolite, and electrolysing the molten salt bath

NASA confirms present-day salt water flows on Mars

Salt deposits found in Martian highlands

One of The Most Abundant Element: ALUMINIUM - DOCFILMS - 29min in a aluminium bath to make it strong. 33min making mirrors using tungston to vaporise aluminium. Look into that splatter coating stuff I saw before. Also pure aluminium mirrors. Aluminium foam.

Look into extruding.

Copper

HOW TO MAKE COPPER !!! From Green Rocks. Makes a ground furnace.

Prehistoric copper smelting in a pit! From Malachite. Ground furnace again.

Power of Copper Documentary 42min

Iron

Lots of Iron on Mars.

Iron is first smelted into Pig Iron.

Cast Iron, strong but brittle. Wort iron lower carbon, but doesn't have the strength.

Ironworks

Electrolytic smelting - Electrolytic smelting — Needs oxygen. Employs a chromium/iron anode that can survive a 2,850 °F (1,570 °C) to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base metal.[2]

Decarburization

Smelting Iron in Africa

Making Viking-Age Bloomery Iron in a Bloomery Furnace

Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace

Iron Smelting demo - Sculptors Guild

First Cast Iron Pour Event to launch Metal Monkeys

How to build a small cast iron melting furnace

Iron - Engineering Channel 43min - Boron and Neodynium make a super magnet (26min). Four Frontiers mars iron mining 40min. Pig Iron is just sitting on the surface.

Iron rails are not strong enough for trains. [1] 8:20m

Steel

Made from Iron. Add %2 carbon steel. Other elements make other steels.

Steelmaking

Category:Steelmaking

Carbon steel

Vacuum arc remelting

Homemade induction furnace melting steel

American Steel - Converting Iron to Steel Documentary - Channel 31 44min

Silicon

Silicon. Czochralski process

Glass

Making Glass from Sand

Fire + Sand = Glass!

An Attempt to Make Glass From Sand at Home

Is glass really made from sand? - Adding Iron to glass absorbs infrared radiation.

Molding

Molding (process)

Sand casting (Gingery style)

Rotational molding - Maybe more useful in space?

Lost-wax casting - No wax on Mars obviously....

Matrix molding - First create the rigid outer shell, then introduce the softer and more fluid molding material. Used for complex shapes using composites such as with glass and glass/ceramic composites.

Glassblowing

Vacuum forming - Could just open a valve to the atmosphere. Need some positive pressure though (oxygen would be a waste). Maybe just compress the atmosphere? Not much atmosphere to compress... How much pressure difference would be needed for vacuum molding. Need the rubber/plastic sheet too...

Transfer molding - Squeeze viscus fluid into holes.

Spin casting

And of course 3d printing.

Wire Windings

What Is the Most Conductive Element?

1 silver 2 copper 3 gold 4 aluminum 5 zinc 6 nickel 7 brass 8 bronze 9 iron 10 platinum 11 carbon steel 12 lead 13 stainless steel

Copper Vs. Aluminium Windings in Motors - Aluminium oxidixes so the connections must pierces the alunimum and be pressurised to stop oxygen getting it. How would very low levels of oxygen in Mars Atmosphere effect this? aluminium requires more turns and/or a larger diameter wire, may not be economically feasible (lower efficiency).

Auto industry looking to Copper Alliance as alternative to rare earth materials - EVs uses rare earth metals. Are they on Mars? Tesla mentioned.

Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric Motors - Carbon seems unlikely on Mars... Unless extracted from the atmosphere.

If Silver is the most conductive element, why don't we use it in electronics as opposed to Copper and Gold? - Silver best conductor, but expensive and oxidises easily, making it unsuitable for uses where it's exposed to oxygen or large amounts are required. Gold doesn't oxidise*, but is expensive, which is why it's often used as a coating for electronic connections like HDMI cables.

Insulators

• Most need organics found on Earth.
  • rubber, pure water, oil, air, diamond, dry wood, dry cotton, plastic, asphalt

• Others are inflexible but might work
  • glass - could be made from sand.
  • ceramic - With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity).
  • quartz - Seems like there is lots of mineral on mars.

What happens if you crush rocks into powder and heat them?

Anode

Needed for salt bath for aluminium?

Sacrificial anode (galvanic anode) - Used to protect buried or submerged metal structures from corrosion. Does it work for atmosphere? Is it needed for %1 atmosphere?

There are three main metals used as galvanic anodes, magnesium, aluminium and zinc.

Heating

• Need to heat stuff for smelting, etc...
• Ceramic heaters.
• Heated wire. This guy uses a clay furnace heating coil.
• Burning stuff? (eg the mars made rocket fuel). Oxygen burns, but that's kind of needed.
• Giant lenses? Mars further away from sun, but less atmosphere. Fresnel Lens DIY Knife Solar Metal Foundry DIY greenpowerscience
• Mirrors?

Electric Motors

• Require Conductive.
• Insulation.
• Wire winding.
• Electricity
• Could generate electricity too, Not much atmosphere but giant wind turbines? Human power via cranks? Humans require more food.

Pigments

??? Paint | A Critical Chemical Engineering Element in a Can | World Documentary Films

Missions

NASA considers SLS launch sequence for human Mars missions in the 2030s